mujoco

.. _exExtension:

Extensions
----------

This section describes MuJoCo's mechanisms for user-authored extensions. At present, extensibility is provided by
via :ref:`engine plugins<exPlugin>`, :ref:`decoders<exDecoder>`, and :ref:`resource providers<exProvider>`.

.. _exPlugin:

Engine plugins
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Engine plugins allow user-defined logic to be inserted into various parts of MuJoCo's
computational pipeline. For example, custom sensor and actuator types can be implemented as plugins. Plugin features are
referenced in the XML content of an MJCF model, allowing MJCF to remain an abstract physical description of
a system even if the simulation requirements extend beyond MuJoCo's built-in capabilities.

The plugin mechanism was designed to overcome the disadvantages of MuJoCo's :ref:`physics callbacks<glPhysics>`. These
global callbacks (:ref:`usage example<siSimulation>`) are still available and useful for fast prototyping or when
the user wishes to implement functionality in Python, but are generally deprecated as a stable mechanism for extended
functionality. The central features of the plugin mechanism are:

- **Thread safety:** Plugin instances (see below) are thread-local, avoiding collisions.
- **Statefulness:** Plugins can be stateful, and their state will be (de)serialized correctly.
- **Interoperability:** Different plugins can coexist without interference.

Both users and developers of plugins should familiarize themselves with two key concepts:

Plugin
  A **plugin** is a collection of functions and static attributes that implement its capabilities, bundled into an
  :ref:`mjpPlugin` struct. Plugin functions are **stateless**: they depend only on the
  arguments passed to them. When a plugin requires an internal state, it declares this state
  and allows MuJoCo to manage it and pass it in. This enables (de)serialization of the full simulation state.
  A plugin can therefore be regarded as the "pure logic" part of the functionality and is often bundled as a C library.
  A plugin is neither a model element nor is it associated with specific model elements.

Plugin instance
  A plugin **instance** represents the self-contained runtime state that is operated on by the
  plugin: when the plugin logic is executed, the instance state is passed in by the engine.
  A plugin instance is itself a model element of type :ref:`mjOBJ_PLUGIN<mjtObj>`.
  There are ``mjModel.nplugin`` instances with id's in ``[0 nplugin-1]``. Like other elements, instances
  can have names, with :ref:`mj_name2id` and :ref:`mj_id2name` mapping between id's and names. Unlike the
  plugin code which is loaded once into a global table, multiple instances of the same plugin can be defined and have a
  one-to-many relationship with other model elements.

  **one-to-one:**
    In this simplest case, each instance is referenced once in the model. For example,
    two sensors may declare that their values are computed by two plugin instances of the same plugin.
    In this case, every time the sensor output is computed, the plugin logic will be executed separately.

  **one-to-many:**
    Alternatively, the behavior of multiple elements can be backed by a single plugin instance. There are
    two main scenarios where this is useful:

  * The values of different element types are linked to the same physical entity and computation. For example
    consider a motor with an internal thermometer. This would manifest as an actuator and sensor, both associated with
    the same plugin instance which computes both torque outputs and temperature readings.
  * It is advantageous to batch the computation of multiple related elements together, for example where the computed
    value is the output of a neural network. The canonical example here is a robot that is equipped with ``N`` motors,
    where motor dynamics are modeled as a neural network. In this case, it can be substantially faster to produce the
    torque output of all N actuators in a single forward pass than for each motor separately.

Below, we begin by describing plugins from a user perspective:

* Types of plugin capabilities.
* How plugins are declared and configured in an MJCF model.
* How plugin states are incorporated into :ref:`mjData`, and what users need to do to safely duplicate and serialize
  :ref:`mjData` structs when plugin instances are present.

Next, we describe the logistics of plugin registration that are relevant to both users and developers of plugins. This
is followed by a section that targets plugin developers.

.. _exCapabilities:

Plugin capabilities
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A plugin is described by the contents of its associated :ref:`mjpPlugin` struct. The ``capabilityflags`` member is an
integer bitfield describing the plugin's capabilities, where bit semantics are defined in the enum
:ref:`mjtPluginCapabilityBit`. Using a bitfield allows plugins to support multiple types of computation. The currently
supported plugin capabilities are:

* Actuator plugin
* Sensor plugin
* Passive force plugin
* Signed distance field plugin

Additional capabilities will be added in the future as required.


.. _exDeclaration:

Declaration in MJCF
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

First, a plugin dependency must be declared through ``<extension><plugin>``. When the model is parsed, if any plugin
is declared but not registered (see below), a model compilation error is raised. If only a single MJCF element is
backed by a plugin, instances can be implicitly created in-place. If multiple elements are backed by the same plugin,
instance declaration must be explicit:

.. code:: xml

   <mujoco>
     <extension>
       <plugin plugin="mujoco.test.simple_sensor_plugin"/>
       <plugin plugin="mujoco.test.actuator_sensor_plugin">
         <instance name="explicit_instance"/>
       </plugin>
     </extension>
     ...
     <sensor>
       <plugin name="sensor0" plugin="mujoco.test.simple_sensor_plugin"/>
       <plugin name="sensor1" plugin="mujoco.test.simple_sensor_plugin"/>
       <plugin name="sensor2" instance="explicit_instance"/>
     </sensor>
     ...
     <actuator>
       <plugin name="actuator2" instance="explicit_instance"/>
     </actuator>
   </mujoco>

In the example above, ``sensor0`` and ``sensor1`` are each backed by a simple plugin that does not share computation
among elements, so an instance is implicitly created for each sensor by directly referencing the plugin identifier.
In contrast, ``sensor2`` and ``actuator2`` are backed by a plugin that shares computation, so they must reference a
shared instance that was explicitly declared.


.. _exConfiguration:

Configuration in MJCF
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Plugins can declare custom attributes that represent specialized configurable parameters. For example, a DC motor model
may expose the resistance, inductance, and capacitance as configuration attributes. In MJCF, the values of these
attributes can be specified via ``<config>`` elements, where each ``<config>`` has a key and a value. Valid keys and
values are specified by the plugin developers, but are declared to MuJoCo during plugin registration time so that the
MuJoCo model compiler can raise errors for invalid values.

.. code:: xml

   <mujoco>
     <extension>
       <plugin plugin="mujoco.test.simple_actuator_plugin">
         <instance name="explicit_instance">
           <config key="resistance" value="1.0"/>
           <config key="inductance" value="2.0"/>
         </instance>
       </plugin>
     </extension>
     ...
     <actuator>
       <plugin name="actuator0" instance="explicit_instance"/>
       <plugin name="actuator1" plugin="mujoco.test.simple_actuator_plugin">
           <config key="resistance" value="3.0"/>
           <config key="inductance" value="4.0"/>
       </plugin>
     </actuator>
   </mujoco>

In the example above, ``actuator0`` refers to a pre-existing plugin instance that was created and configured via the
``<instance>`` element, while ``actuator1`` is implicitly creating and configuring a new plugin instance in-place. Note
that it would be an error to add ``<config>`` child elements directly to ``actuator0`` because a new plugin instance is
not being created there.

.. _exPluginState:

Plugin state
^^^^^^^^^^^^

While plugin code should be stateless, individual plugin instances are permitted to hold time-dependent state that is
intended to evolve alongside MuJoCo physics, for example temperature variables in thermodynamically coupled actuator
models. Separately, it may also be desirable for plugin instances to memoize potentially expensive parts of their
operation. For example, sensor or actuator plugins that are backed by pretrained neural networks will want to preload
their weights at model compilation time. It is important for us to distinguish between these two types of per-instance
plugin payload. The term **plugin state** refers to the time-dependent state of the plugin instance that consists of
*floating point* values, while the term **plugin data** refers to *arbitrary data structures* consisting of memoized
payload that should be considered implementation detail for the plugin's computation.

Crucially, plugin data must be reconstructible only from plugin configuration attributes, the plugin state,
and :ref:`MuJoCo state variables<geState>`. This means that the plugin data is not expected to be serializable, and will
not be serialized by MuJoCo when it copies or stores data. On the other hand, plugin state is considered an integral
part of the physics and must be serialized alongside MuJoCo's other state variables in order for the physics to be
faithfully restored.

Plugins must declare the number of floating point values required for each instance via the ``nstate`` callback of its
:ref:`mjpPlugin` struct. Note that this number can depend on the exact configuration of the instance. During
:ref:`mj_makeData`, MuJoCo allocates the requisite number of slots in the ``plugin_state`` field of :ref:`mjData` for
each plugin instance. The ``plugin_stateadr`` field in :ref:`mjModel` indicates the position within the overall
``plugin_state`` array at which each plugin instance can find its state values.

Plugin data, however, is entirely opaque from MuJoCo's point of view. During :ref:`mj_makeData`, MuJoCo calls the
``init`` callback from the relevant :ref:`mjpPlugin`. In this callback, the plugin is permitted to allocate or otherwise
create an arbitrary data structure that it requires to function and stores its pointer in the ``plugin_data`` field of
:ref:`mjData` that is being created. During :ref:`mj_deleteData`, MuJoCo calls the ``destroy`` callback from the same
:ref:`mjpPlugin`, and the plugin is responsible for deallocating its internal resources associated with the instance.

When :ref:`mjData` is being copied via :ref:`mj_copyData`, MuJoCo will copy over the plugin state. However, the plugin
code is responsible for setting up the plugin data for the newly copied :ref:`mjData`. To facilitate this, MuJoCo calls
the ``copy`` callback from :ref:`mjpPlugin` for each plugin instance present.

.. _exActuatorAct:

Actuator states
"""""""""""""""

When writing stateful actuator plugins, there are two choices for where to save the actuator state. One option is using
``plugin_state`` as described above, and the other is to use ``mjData.act`` by implementing the callback on
:ref:`mjpPlugin`.

When using the latter option, the actuator plugin's state will be added to ``mjData.act``, and MuJoCo will
automatically integrate ``mjData.act_dot`` values between timesteps. One advantage of this approach is that
finite-differencing functions like :ref:`mjd_transitionFD` will work as they do for native actuators. The
``mjpPlugin.advance`` callback will be called after ``act_dot`` is integrated, and actuator plugins may overwrite
the ``act`` values at that point, if the built-in integrator is not appropriate.

Users may specify the :ref:`dyntype<actuator-plugin-dyntype>` attribute on actuator plugins, to introduce a filter or
an integrator between user inputs and actuator states. When they do, the state variable introduced by
``dyntype`` will be placed *after* the plugin's state variables in the ``act`` array.

.. _exRegistration:

Registration
^^^^^^^^^^^^

Plugins must be registered with MuJoCo before they can be referenced in MJCF models.

One-off plugins that are intended to support a specific application (or throwaway plugins that are implemented to help
troubleshoot issues with a model) can be statically linked into the application. This can be as simple as preparing an
:ref:`mjpPlugin` struct in the ``main`` function, then passing it to :ref:`mjp_registerPlugin` to be registered with
MuJoCo.

Generally, reusable plugins are expected to be packaged as libraries and should be registered when the library is
loaded. In GCC-compatible compilers, this can be achieved by calling :ref:`mjp_registerPlugin` in a function that is
declared with ``__attribute__((constructor))``, while in MSVC this can be done by injecting code into the C runtime
initialization. MuJoCo provides a convenience macro :ref:`mjPLUGIN_LIB_INIT` that expands to either of these constructs
depending on the compiler used.

Users of plugins that are delivered as dynamic libraries as described above can load the library using the function
:ref:`mj_loadPluginLibrary`. This is the preferred way to load dynamic libraries containing MuJoCo plugins (rather than,
say, calling ``dlopen`` or ``LoadLibraryA`` directly) since the exact way in which MuJoCo expects dynamic libraries to
auto-register plugins may change over time, but :ref:`mj_loadPluginLibrary` is expected to also evolve to reflect the
best practices.

For applications that need to be able to load arbitrary user-provided MJCF models, it may be desirable to automatically
scan and load all dynamic libraries found without a specific directory. Users who bring along an MJCF that requires a
plugin can then be instructed to place the requisite plugin libraries in the relevant directory. For example, this is
what is done in the :ref:`saSimulate` interactive viewer application. The :ref:`mj_loadAllPluginLibraries` function is
provided for this scan-and-load use case.

.. _exWriting:

Writing plugins
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This section, targeted at developers, is incomplete. We encourage people who wish to write their own plugins
to contact the MuJoCo development team for help. A good starting point for experienced developers is the
`associated tests <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/test/engine/engine_plugin_test.cc>`_ and the
first-party plugins in the `first-party plugin directory <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/tree/main/plugin>`_.

A future version of this section will include:

* The content of the :ref:`mjpPlugin` struct.
* Which functions and properties need to be provided in order to define a plugin.
* How to declare custom MJCF attributes for a plugin.
* Things that developers need to keep in mind in order to ensure that plugins function correctly when :ref:`mjData` is
  copied, stepped, or reset.

There are several first-party plugin directories:

actuator
""""""""
The plugins in the `actuator/ <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/tree/main/plugin/actuator>`__ directory
implement custom actuators, so far only a PID controller. See the `README
<https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/plugin/actuator/README.md>`__ for details.


elasticity
""""""""""
The plugins in the `elasticity/ <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/tree/main/plugin/elasticity>`__ directory are
passive forces based on continuum mechanics for 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional bodies. The 1D model is invariant under
rotations and captures the large deformation of elastic cables, decoupling twisting and bending strains. The 2D model is
a suitable for computing the bending stiffness of thin elastic plates (i.e. shells having a flat stress-free
configuration). In this case, the elastic energy is quadratic and therefore the stiffness matrix is constant. For more
information, please see the `README
<https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/plugin/elasticity/README.md>`__.


sensor
""""""
The plugins in the `sensor/ <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/tree/main/plugin/sensor>`__ directory implement
custom sensors. Currently the sole sensor plugin is the touch grid sensor, see the `README
<https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/plugin/sensor/README.md>`__ for details.

.. _exSDF:

sdf
"""
The plugins in the `sdf/ <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/tree/main/plugin/sdf>`__ directory
specify custom shapes in a mesh-free manner, by defining methods computing a signed distance field and its gradient at
query points. This shape then acts as a new geom type in the collision table at the top of `engine_collision_driver.c
<https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/src/engine/engine_collision_driver.c>`__. For more information
concerning the available SDFs and how to write your own implicit geometry, please see the `README
<https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/plugin/sdf/README.md>`__. The rest of this section will give more
detail concerning the collision algorithm and the plugin engine interface.

Collision points are found by minimizing the function A + B + abs(max(A, B)), where A and B are the two colliding
SDFs, via gradient descent. Because SDFs are non-convex, multiple starting points are required in order to converge to
multiple local minima. The number of starting points is set using :ref:`sdf_initpoints<option-sdf_initpoints>`, and
are initialized using the Halton sequence inside the intersection of the axis-aligned bounding boxes. The number of
gradient descent iterations is set using :ref:`sdf_iterations<option-sdf_iterations>`.

While *exact* SDFs---encoding the precise signed distance to the surface---are preferred, collisions are possible with
any function whose value vanishes at the surface and grows monotonically away from it, with a negative sign in the
interior. For such functions, it is still possible to find collisions, albeit with a possibly
increased number of starting points.

The ``sdf_distance`` method is called by the compiler to produce a visual mesh for rendering using the marching cubes
algorithm implemented by `MarchingCubeCpp <https://github.com/aparis69/MarchingCubeCpp>`__.

Future improvement to the gradient descent algorithm, such as a line search which takes advantage of the properties of
SDFs, might reduce the number of iterations and/or starting points.

For the sdf plugin, the following methods need to be specified

``sdf_distance``:
  Returns the signed distance of the query point given in local coordinates.

``sdf_staticdistance``:
  This is the static version of the previous function, taking config attributes as additional inputs. This function is
  required because mesh creation occurs during model compilation before the plugin object has been instantiated.

``sdf_gradient``:
  Computes the gradient in local coordinates of the SDF at the query point.

``sdf_aabb``:
  Computes the axis-aligned bounding box in local coordinates. This volume is voxelized uniformly before the call to
  the marching cubes algorithm.

.. _exDecoder:

Decoders
~~~~~~~~

Decoder plugins extend asset loading capabilities beyond MJCF and URDF. They are :ref:`registered<mjPLUGIN_LIB_INIT>`
similarly to other MuJoCo plugins.

MuJoCo ships with two built-in decoders for common mesh formats:

- **OBJ decoder** (``plugin/obj_decoder``) -- `Wavefront OBJ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront_.obj_file>`_.
- **STL decoder** (``plugin/stl_decoder``) -- `STL <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_(file_format)>`_.

Additionally, we provide the following optional decoder plugins:

- **USD decoder** (``plugin/usd_decoder``) -- `Universal Scene Description <https://openusd.org/release/index.html>`_.

These plugins also serve as examples for how to write custom decoders. The obj decoder is perhaps the simplest to
understand, while the USD decoder is more complex due to its support for entire scenes.

.. _exDecoderInterface:

Decoder interface
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A decoder is described by the :ref:`mjpDecoder` struct, which has the following fields:

``content_type``
  A MIME-like content type string identifying the format. For example, ``"model/obj"``, or ``"model/stl"``.
  When a mesh asset specifies a ``content-type`` attribute in MJCF, this string is used
  to find the appropriate decoder.

``extension``
  A file extension string (including the dot) used for matching when no content type is specified. Multiple
  extensions can be separated by pipes (`|`) for formats with multiple extensions such as ``.usd|.usda|.usdc|.usdz``.

``can_decode``
  A callback of type :ref:`mjfCanDecode` that determines whether the decoder can handle a given resource. This is
  typically implemented by checking the file extension but may also check the file contents to differentiate between
  formats. For example, URDF and MJCF files both have a ``.xml`` extension. Returns nonzero if the decoder can handle
  the resource.

``decode``
  A callback of type :ref:`mjfDecode` that performs the actual decoding. It receives an :ref:`mjResource` and
  returns a newly allocated :ref:`mjSpec` containing the decoded asset data. The caller takes
  ownership of the returned spec and is responsible for freeing it with :ref:`mj_deleteSpec`. Returns ``NULL`` on
  failure.

When a decoder is invoked for a mesh asset, the compiler will reference the first mesh element in the spec returned
by the ``decode`` callback.

When a decoder is invoked for a model asset, the spec returned by the ``decode`` callback may contain any number of
elements of any type.

.. _exDecoderRegistration:

Registration
^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decoders must be registered before they can be used. Registration is performed via
:ref:`mjp_registerDecoder`. The :ref:`mjp_defaultDecoder` function initializes an :ref:`mjpDecoder` struct with
default values. The :ref:`mjPLUGIN_LIB_INIT` macro is used to define the initialization function that registers the
decoder when the library is loaded.

.. code-block:: C

   mjPLUGIN_LIB_INIT(my_format_decoder) {
     mjpDecoder decoder;
     mjp_defaultDecoder(&decoder);
     decoder.content_type = "model/my-format";
     decoder.extension = ".myf|.myfa|.myfc";
     decoder.decode = MyDecode;
     decoder.can_decode = MyCanDecode;
     mjp_registerDecoder(&decoder);
   }


.. _exDecoderExample:

Example
^^^^^^^

Below is a minimal decoder that reads a hypothetical binary mesh format:

.. code-block:: C

   #include <mujoco.h>

   static mjSpec* MyDecode(mjResource* resource, const mjVFS* vfs) {
     const void* bytes = NULL;
     int nbytes = mju_readResource(resource, &bytes);
     if (nbytes < 0) {
       mju_warning("failed to read resource '%s'", resource->name);
       return NULL;
     }

     /* ... parse bytes into vertex/face arrays ... */

     mjSpec* spec = mj_makeSpec();
     mjsMesh* mesh = mjs_addMesh(spec, NULL);
     mjs_setString(mesh->file, resource->name);
     mjs_setFloat(mesh->uservert, vertices, nvert * 3);
     mjs_setInt(mesh->userface, faces, nface * 3);
     return spec;
   }

   static int MyCanDecode(const mjResource* resource) {
     /* check file extension */
     const char* name = resource->name;
     int len = strlen(name);
     return len > 4 && strcmp(name + len - 4, ".myf") == 0;
   }

   mjPLUGIN_LIB_INIT(my_format_decoder) {
     mjpDecoder decoder;
     mjp_defaultDecoder(&decoder);
     decoder.content_type = "model/my-format";
     decoder.extension = ".myf";
     decoder.decode = MyDecode;
     decoder.can_decode = MyCanDecode;
     mjp_registerDecoder(&decoder);
   }

Once registered, the decoder is used automatically when MuJoCo encounters an asset with a matching file extension
or content type:

.. code-block:: xml

   <asset>
     <mesh file="my_mesh.myf"/>
   </asset>


.. _exEncoder:

Encoders
~~~~~~~~

Encoder plugins extend asset serialization and model saving capabilities beyond native formats (XML, MJB, TXT).
Encoders are :ref:`registered <mjPLUGIN_LIB_INIT>` similarly to other MuJoCo plugins.

MuJoCo ships with a built-in Zip encoder for ``.mjz`` archives (``src/xml/mjz/mjz_encoder.cc``).

.. _exEncoderInterface:

Encoder interface
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

An encoder is described by the :ref:`mjpEncoder` struct, which has the following fields:

``content_type``
  A MIME-like content type string identifying the output format (e.g. ``"application/zip"``). When :ref:`mj_encode` is
  called with an explicit ``content_type`` argument, this string is used to find the appropriate encoder.

``extension``
  A file extension string (including the dot) used for format matching when no content type is specified. Multiple
  extensions can be separated by pipes (`|`) such as ``.mjz|.zip``.

``encode``
  A callback of type :ref:`mjfEncode` that performs the actual serialization. It receives an :ref:`mjSpec`, an
  optional compiled :ref:`mjModel`, an optional :ref:`mjVFS`, and an output :ref:`mjResource`. Returns the number of
  bytes written on success, or -1 on failure.

``close_resource``
  An optional callback that frees any memory allocated inside ``mjResource.data`` by the ``encode`` callback.

.. _exEncoderRegistration:

Registration
^^^^^^^^^^^^

Encoders must be registered before they can be used via :ref:`mj_encode`. Registration is performed via
:ref:`mjp_registerEncoder`. The :ref:`mjp_defaultEncoder` function initializes an :ref:`mjpEncoder` struct with default
values. The :ref:`mjPLUGIN_LIB_INIT` macro defines the initialization function that registers the encoder when the
plugin library is loaded.

.. code-block:: C

   mjPLUGIN_LIB_INIT(my_format_encoder) {
     mjpEncoder encoder;
     mjp_defaultEncoder(&encoder);
     encoder.content_type = "application/x-myformat";
     encoder.extension = ".myf";
     encoder.encode = MyEncode;
     encoder.close_resource = MyCloseResource;
     mjp_registerEncoder(&encoder);
   }


.. _exProvider:

Resource providers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Resource providers extend MuJoCo to load assets (XML files, meshes, textures, and etc.) that don't necessarily come from
the OS filesystem or the Virtual File System (:ref:`mjVFS`). For example, downloading assets from the Internet could be
implemented as a resource provider. These extensions are handled abstractly in MuJoCo via the :ref:`mjResource` struct.

.. _exProviderStructure:

Overview
^^^^^^^^

Creating a new resource provider works by registering a :ref:`mjpResourceProvider` struct via
:ref:`mjp_registerResourceProvider` in a global table. Once a resource provider is registered it can be used by all
loading functions. The :ref:`mjpResourceProvider` struct stores three types of fields:

.. _Uniform Resource Identifier: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier

Resource prefix
  Resources are identified by prefixes in their name. The chosen prefix should have a valid `Uniform Resource
  Identifier`_ (URI) scheme syntax. Resource names should also have a valid URI syntax, however this isn't enforced. A
  resource name with the syntax ``{prefix}:{filename}`` will match a provider using the scheme ``prefix``.  For
  instance, a resource provider accessing assets via the Internet might use ``http`` as its scheme. In this case a
  resource with the name ``http://www.example.com/myasset.obj`` would match against this resource provider. Schemes are
  case-insensitive so that ``HTTP://www.example.com/myasset.obj`` will also match. Note the importance of the colon.
  URI syntax requires that a colon follows the prefix in a resource name in order to match against a scheme. For example
  ``https://www.example.com/myasset.obj`` would NOT be a match since the scheme is designated as ``https``.

Callbacks
  There are three callbacks that a resource provider is required to implement: :ref:`open<mjfOpenResource>`,
  :ref:`read<mjfReadResource>`, and :ref:`close<mjfCloseResource>`. The other two callback
  :ref:`getdir<mjfGetResourceDir>` and :ref:`modified<mjfResourceModified>` are optional. More details on these callbacks
  are given below.

Data Pointer
  Lastly, there's an opaque data pointer for the provider to pass data into the callbacks. This data pointer is constant
  within a given model.

Resource providers work via callbacks:

- :ref:`mjfOpenResource<mjfOpenResource>`: The open callback takes a single parameter of type :ref:`mjResource`.  The
  name field of the resource should be used to verify that the resource exists and populate the resource data field with
  any extra information needed for the resource. On failure this callback should return 0 (false) or else 1 (true).
- :ref:`mjfReadResource<mjfReadResource>`: The read callback takes as arguments a :ref:`mjResource` and a pointer to a
  void pointer called the ``buffer``. The read callback should point the ``buffer`` pointer to the location of where the
  bytes of the resource can be read and return the number of bytes pointed to in the ``buffer``.  On failure, this
  callback should return -1.
- :ref:`mjfCloseResource<mjfCloseResource>`: This callback takes a single parameter of type :ref:`mjResource`, and
  should be used to free any memory allocated in the data field in the supplied resource.
- :ref:`mjfGetResourceDir<mjfGetResourceDir>`: This callback is optional and is used to extract the directory from a
  resource name.  For example, the resource name ``http://www.example.com/myasset.obj`` would have
  ``http://www.example.com/`` as its directory.
- :ref:`mjfResourceModified<mjfResourceModified>`: This callback is optional and is used to check if an existing
  opened resource has been modified from its original source.

.. _exProviderUsage:

Usage
^^^^^

When a resource provider is registered, it can be used immediately to open assets. If the asset filename has a prefix
that matches with the prefix of a registered provider, then that provider will be used to load the asset.

.. _exProviderExample:

Example
"""""""

.. _data URI scheme: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme

This section provides a basic example of a resource provider that reads from a `data URI scheme`_. First we implement
the callbacks:

.. code-block:: C

   int str_open_callback(mjResource* resource) {
     // call some util function to validate
     if (!is_valid_data_uri(resource->name)) {
       return 0; // return failure
     }

     // some upper bound for the data
     resource->data = mju_malloc(get_data_uri_size(resource->name));
     if (resource->data == NULL) {
       return 0; // return failure
     }

     // fill data from string (some util function)
     get_data_uri(resource->name, &data);
   }

   int str_read_callback(mjResource* resource, const void** buffer) {
     *buffer = resource->data;
     return get_data_uri_size(resource->name);
   }

   void str_close_callback(mjResource* resource) {
     mju_free(resource->data);
   }

Next we create the resource provider and register it with MuJoCo:

.. code-block:: C

   mjpResourceProvider resourceProvider = {
     .prefix = "data",
     .open = str_open_callback,
     .read = str_read_callback,
     .close = str_close_callback,
   };

   // return positive number on success
   if (!mjp_registerResourceProvider(&resourceProvider)) {
     // ...
     // return failure
   }

Now we can write assets as strings in our MJCF files:

.. code-block:: xml

   <asset>
     <texture name="grid" file="grid.png" type="2d"/>
     <mesh content-type="model/obj" file="data:model/obj;base64,I215IG9iamVjdA0KdiAxIDAgMA0KdiAwIDEgMA0KdiAwIDAgMQ=="/>
     ...
   </asset>